Column: As the Streaming Wars Heat Up, Why Are Consumers Losing Out?

Brett Danaher
Brett Danaher, Ph.D. is assistant professor of management science and economics at Chapman University's Argyros School of Business and Economics.
Column: As the Streaming Wars Heat Up, Why Are Consumers Losing Out?

Want to watch the next season of "Stranger Things" when it comes out? I know I do, so I pay for Netflix each month. "Jack Ryan"? That's over on Amazon Prime. "The Handmaid's Tale"? Hulu. If you think Picard was the best Star Trek captain, you'll need CBS All Access – but at this point in your budget you may be choosing between that or "The Mandalorian," for which you'll need Disney+. And let's not forget the new content exclusive to HBO Max, Apple TV+, BET+, and NBC Peacock.

Most of us are aware of the recent fragmentation of content across subscription streaming services, and we've either had to make some hard choices about which content we will watch or else we're now paying bills for streaming services that resemble the bundled cable bills we paid before we cut the cord. And it's not just the cost that bothers us. When nearly everything was on one of just a few services, we knew where to find it. Now, keeping track of which services have which content – and whether we currently have that service – seems like a job in itself.


I don't think I need to convince most readers that this scenario isn't ideal for the consumer. So why are we here?

It's not that producers and distributors of entertainment content don't want to satisfy customers… they certainly do! But over the last decade or so, movie studios and television networks have seen the incredible power of using data analytics to inform decisions about what content to make, how to market it, to whom to market it and more. Subscription streaming services (like Netflix) observe everything that their viewers watch, and in turn use that information to determine what content to suggest to each viewer next. They even use it to inform decisions regarding what content to license or produce themselves and then to market that content most efficiently. They effectively create a series of personalized channels for each of their viewers, helping to connect you with content that you would love but might not be aware of. And in doing so, they can make investments in content in ways that differ from the traditional models and they reduce the inherent risk involved in bringing new shows and films to market. If you don't believe me, just ask the two professors from Carnegie Mellon who wrote a book about this.

In an era where there is more quality content – both old and new – available to us than ever before, it feels increasingly hard to know what to watch and where to watch it.

The problem that a traditional television network (or movie studio) has is that they do not get this kind of personalized data on each of their over-the-air or box office viewers – nor do they usually get these data from the subscription services that license their shows and films. Even if they had such data, they don't have a platform that serves as a direct connection to the consumer, and so they cannot personalize which shows they market to each viewer and how they market them. That's what subscription streaming services have been able to do. And for a while, networks and studios have felt pretty left out of the new data-driven entertainment revolution. This largely explains why so many major players in the industry want to have a successful streaming service now — to gather individual data about each viewer and have a personalized connection / marketing channel to every one of their customers.

If you are a major network or studio trying to get into the streaming game and you need to compete with an established service like Netflix – who consumers already know and like – what do you do? You fall back on what you are already great at and make content that everyone wants to watch, and you make it exclusive to your streaming service as a draw to new customers. Or you stop licensing your best catalog content to the established streaming players and make it exclusive to your new service (sorry, "Friends" fans, you'll need to pay for HBO Max!). Hence, nearly every one of the subscription services out there has at least a few shows that you probably want to watch, and great content feels fragmented across a plethora of services for which you struggle to remember all of the names.

Watchworthy

Watchworthy's app is one of several trying to make it easier for viewers to find the content they're looking for, across services.

But even if the current fragmentation of content across so many services can be explained as a form of business competition, that does not make it ideal for the end consumer. I've already mentioned the obvious result that consumers are back to facing the choice of paying an ever-increasing multitude of subscription fees, missing out on content, or else turning to piracy. But there is another, less obvious consequence for the customer. When most content that was online was centralized on just one or two services, those services observed most of what a customer viewed online, and thus had a strong understanding of each consumer's preferences. Those services also had an incentive to recommend or market to you the content that you would like most.

Now, however, if you only do 15% of your online viewing on, for example, Hulu, they observe a lot less about your viewing preferences than when you did 50-60% of your television and movie viewing there. They just don't know you as well. Moreover, a service like Netflix or Disney+ only has the incentive to recommend to you the content that is on their service, even if there are shows or films that you would meaningfully prefer on other subscription services. And this leads us to the irony that in an era where there is more quality content – both old and new – available to us than ever before, it feels increasingly hard to know what to watch and where to watch it. By fragmenting content across so many services in an effort to draw in customers and have a more personalized relationship with them, players in the industry have unintentionally left customers struggling to search for and find the content that is best suited for them.

One of the most commonly offered solutions to streaming fragmentation is that we should just bundle the services again – some have suggested that you should be able to pick up a bundle of Hulu, Netflix, HBO Max, etc. for perhaps half of what it would cost to buy them each separately. This may partly solve the customer's budget problems, but note that it does not solve the problem outlined above – if our viewing is spread out across a multitude of services, then the underlying viewer data are still fragmented. No one service knows us particularly well, and no service has the incentive to connect us with the content that best matches our preferences.

Where this eventually leads is a subject for another article – perhaps we will see the failure or consolidation of some of these services, or perhaps a third party can solve the problems I have described even while a number of subscription services retain exclusive content.

There are examples of companies trying to address this issue such as Likewise, Justwatch, or WatchWorthy, but it is not clear whether or not they will succeed (disclosure: I myself am involved in a stealth startup working on a solution to this). Either way, I see this problem as one that requires a consumer-friendly solution, and I fully expect that the market will provide this one way or another.

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How Replify Found Its Niche and an Acquirer

🔦 Spotlight

Hello LA,

This week’s startup story began three years ago with an AI assistant built for almost any small business. It ended, or perhaps graduated, with an acquisition by one of the fitness industry’s largest technology providers.

ABC Fitness has acquired Replify, an AI platform that manages customer communication for gyms and wellness businesses across phone, text, email and chat. Its virtual agents can answer questions, qualify leads, schedule tours and classes, follow up on missed calls and run outbound campaigns. Financial terms were not disclosed.

Before Replify found its footing in fitness, it was HeyLibby, a general-purpose AI assistant founded in 2023 by former Zillow colleagues Spencer Rascoff, Tony Small and Anna Rodriguez. The company was incubated inside Rascoff’s 75 & Sunny Labs and initially set out to help small businesses turn incoming messages into qualified leads.

That broad vision gave HeyLibby a large potential customer base, from real estate agents and contractors to hairstylists and event planners. But as the team searched for product-market fit, one industry’s problem stood out. Gym and wellness employees were often too busy helping customers in person to answer every call, text or email, leaving prospective members waiting and potential revenue on the table.

That insight reshaped the company. HeyLibby narrowed its focus to fitness and wellness, raised a $4.5M seed round in 2025 and later rebranded as Replify. It went on to work with brands including Gold’s Gym and UFC Gym, proving that its AI agents could do more than answer routine questions. According to the company, customers have captured up to 10 times more leads and shortened sales cycles from roughly 30 days to as little as three to five days.

ABC Fitness became a natural next step. The company provides software to more than 30,000 fitness businesses serving over 40 million members worldwide. By adding Replify to its platform, ABC can offer gyms an always-available AI front desk while bringing Replify’s technology to a much larger global customer base.

Replify’s journey offers a useful lesson amid the rush to build AI products for everyone. The company began with a broad promise, identified a customer with a specific and expensive problem, and built deeply around that need. Gym owners did not need another flashy chatbot. They needed someone to answer the phone when the front desk could not.

Sometimes the smartest AI strategy is simply picking up the call.

More from this week’s LA startup and venture scene below.

🤝 Venture Deals

    LA Companies

    • Dimension raised a $1.65M seed round backed by Science Inc., UpscaleX, OpenSky, Long Run Capital, 1864 Fund and others. The profitable social-commerce company will use the funding to launch Seller OS more broadly, an agentic AI platform that automates TikTok Shop operations for brands and agencies. - learn more
    • Procode raised a $10M Series A led by Health Velocity Capital, bringing its total funding to $14M. The AI-powered medical billing company will use the capital to acquire two additional billing businesses and expand its platform beyond plastic surgery and dermatology into all surgical specialties and ambulatory surgery centers. - learn more
    • Antares raised $470M in Series C financing, including $370M in equity and $100M in debt, in a round co-led by Paradigm and Caffeinated Capital. The nuclear energy company will use the capital to commercialize its autonomous microreactors, with an electricity-producing model planned for 2027 and initial deployments at U.S. military installations beginning in 2028. - learn more

    LA Venture Funds
    • Wilshire Lane Capital participated in Ellis’ more than $10M seed round, which was led by First Round Capital and included Kearny Jackson, 645 Ventures, Harlem Capital, Khosla Ventures and others. Founded by Cadre founder Ryan Williams, Ellis has emerged from stealth with an AI-native operations platform that helps private credit managers reconcile fragmented data and automate workflows such as portfolio monitoring, investor reporting and compliance; the funding will support team growth and further product development. - learn more
    • Rebel Fund participated in Dili’s $15M Series A, led by Khosla Ventures, bringing the AI compliance company’s total funding to $21.7M. Dili helps energy, construction, infrastructure and manufacturing companies identify compliance issues by reviewing project data in real time, and will use the funding to expand its team and broaden its platform into additional audit and waste-detection workflows. - learn more
    • B Capital led ChipAgents’ $60M Series A2, which brought the semiconductor AI startup’s expanded Series A financing to $134M. ChipAgents will use the funding to scale customer deployments, expand its engineering and go-to-market teams and further develop its AI platform, which automates complex chip design and verification workflows. - learn more
    • StoryHouse Ventures participated as a returning investor in Henry AI’s $16.5M Series A, led by FirstMark Capital with backing from Thomson Reuters Ventures, Y Combinator and others. The commercial real estate AI company will use the funding to expand its engineering and product teams and scale Henry Deal, a platform that automates underwriting, offering materials and other back-office work throughout a transaction. - learn more
    • Walkabout Ventures and Bungalow Capital co-led Discern’s $10M Series A, bringing the company’s total funding to $17.5M. Discern provides a software-based registered agent service that automates state filings and compliance tasks, and will use the capital to scale its platform following fourfold annual recurring revenue growth in 2025. - learn more
    • Starshot Capital participated in Quercus Biosolutions’ oversubscribed $5M seed round, which was led by Serra Ventures and included several climate, agriculture and grower-backed investors. The agtech startup will use the funding to expand its pipeline of AI-designed proteins for fighting herbicide-resistant weeds, begin regulatory work and explore applications targeting fungi, insects and other crop pests. - learn more
    • B Capital co-led Flourish Health’s $26M Series A alongside F-Prime and Cherryrock Capital, bringing the youth mental health provider’s total funding to $46M. Flourish will use the capital to expand its psychiatrist-led, in-home care model nationwide, hire and train clinicians and further develop its AI-enabled platform for coordinating care. - learn more
    • Powerhouse Capital participated in European Technology Network’s $1.6M seed round alongside Axel Springer, a LADbible co-founder and angel investors from OpenAI and DeepMind. The London-based tech media startup will use the funding to open a larger studio, expand its team, launch a newsletter and increase its livestreamed programming from two shows per week to five. - learn more

    LA Exits

    • Saltair, the Los Angeles body-care brand founded by model and entrepreneur Iskra Lawrence, is selling a majority stake to private equity firm TSG Consumer. Financial terms were not disclosed, but the deal will support Saltair’s expansion across e-commerce, retail and new products, while Lawrence transitions into the role of chief community advocate. - learn more
    • Digital marketing agency GR0 plans to acquire Ultimate AI’s enterprise deployment division and use the team’s technology to launch a new company called GR0 AI. The platform will deploy AI agents across brands’ customer data, commerce and marketing systems to personalize outreach, recover abandoned sales and generate measurable revenue; financial terms were not disclosed. - learn more

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      From Uber to Atoms: Travis Kalanick’s $1.7 Billion Return

      🔦 Spotlight

      Hello LA,

      Nine years after his turbulent exit from Uber, Travis Kalanick is back with a new company, an enormous war chest and, apparently, some unfinished business.

      Los Angeles-based Atoms announced this week that it has secured a $1.7 billion equity investment led by Andreessen Horowitz, with a16z cofounder Ben Horowitz joining its board. Bain Capital, Fifth Wall, Uber and several other investors participated, while a roster of major banks, including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan and Bank of America, are listed as debt partners.

      Yes, Uber itself is now backing the comeback of its famously ousted cofounder. Silicon Valley may preach disruption, but it has always appreciated a good redemption arc.

      Atoms is the culmination of the company Kalanick has spent the past eight years building largely out of public view. Formerly known as City Storage Systems, the parent company behind CloudKitchens, it is now bringing its businesses together under one ambitious umbrella: Atoms Food, Atoms Mining and Atoms Transport.

      The premise is that AI’s next major frontier will not be confined to screens, chatbots or software. Atoms wants to build what Kalanick calls a “computer for the physical world,” using software, sensors, robotics and AI to automate how physical goods are produced, stored and moved.

      That means tackling decidedly unglamorous but enormous industries such as mining, construction, food production and heavy transportation. Rather than betting on humanoid robots that can theoretically do everything, Atoms is focused on specialized machines designed to perform specific, economically useful jobs.

      In other words, the robot does not need a face. It needs a business model.

      For a16z, the investment is as much a bet on Kalanick as it is on industrial AI. In an essay bluntly titled “Travis Is Back,” Horowitz argues that Kalanick possesses the rare mix of technical range, endurance and sheer force of will required to drag old-line industries into a new technological era. The firm’s broader thesis is that robotics will eventually handle much of the repetitive work involved in making, moving and storing physical goods, creating a market potentially as consequential as computing itself.

      There is also some history being settled. Kalanick, Horowitz and Marc Andreessen nearly partnered during Uber’s early days but never completed the deal. In a new conversation about Atoms, Kalanick and Horowitz revisit that missed opportunity and the long road that brought them back together. Sixteen years later, the check is considerably larger.

      The scale of the investment is remarkable, but so is its location. Atoms is headquartered in Los Angeles, giving the city a front-row seat to one of tech’s boldest industrial AI bets. It also reinforces something increasingly evident across LA’s startup ecosystem: the next era of AI will not only be written in code. It will be built in kitchens, warehouses, mines, vehicles and factories.

      Whether Atoms becomes the operating system for the physical world or simply proves that even $1.7 billion cannot make atoms behave like bits remains to be seen. But Kalanick is taking another enormous swing, and this time, Los Angeles is where the comeback story begins.

      More from this week’s LA startup and venture scene below.

      🤝 Venture Deals

        LA Companies

        • Hawthorne-based Andrenam raised an $18M Series A led by Upfront Ventures, with participation from Valor Equity Partners, Also Capital, First Round Capital and Long Journey Ventures, bringing its total funding to $30M. The maritime defense startup will use the capital to scale production of its sonar-equipped buoys and expand its AI-powered platform for detecting and tracking underwater activity. - learn more
        • Long Beach-based Bluecore Energy emerged from stealth with approximately $10M in oversubscribed financing led by Slauson & Co., with participation from Harlem Capital, Precursor Ventures, Hartbeat Ventures and others. The company is developing small modular nuclear reactors that can operate aboard floating barges and deliver zero-emission power to ports, data centers and other critical infrastructure. - learn more
        • Vikk AI raised $4.2M across a $700K pre-seed and $3.5M seed round, with backing from MagnaSci Ventures and several angel investors. The legal AI startup will use the funding to expand its consumer assistant, document tools and advertising platform that connects users with lawyers based on their needs and location. - learn more
        • Final Boss Sour raised $4M in strategic funding from Evolution VC Partners, The Angel Group, Mondelēz International’s SnackFutures Ventures and others, bringing its total funding to $12M. The gaming-inspired real-fruit snack brand will use the capital to expand into major retailers, including Walmart, Kroger, Target and 7-Eleven, while developing new products and collaborations. - learn more

        LA Venture Funds
        • Overture Ventures participated in Fluxco’s $26M seed round, led by 8VC and Congruent Ventures, alongside Trust Ventures, Koch Disruptive Technologies and others. The Austin startup uses AI to help companies source electrical transformers from more than 150 manufacturers, reducing a procurement process that can take months to just days. - learn more
        • Alexandria Venture Investments and Wedbush Healthcare Partners participated as returning investors in Crystalys Therapeutics’ oversubscribed $130M Series B, which was led by Frazier Life Sciences. The San Diego biotech will use the funding to advance Phase 3 trials and commercialization preparations for dotinurad, its once-daily oral treatment for gout. - learn more
        • Rebel Fund participated in Klaimee’s $5.5M seed round, led by FundersClub’s Alexander Mittal and backed by ex/ante, Pioneer Fund, Y Combinator and others. The San Francisco insurtech startup certifies and insures autonomous AI agents, helping businesses manage financial and liability risks that traditional cyber and technology policies may not cover. - learn more
        • M13 participated in Skyfall AI’s undisclosed funding round alongside Fidelity, Inovia Capital, Touring Capital, NextView Ventures and Garage Capital. Founded by former Microsoft researchers, the San Francisco startup is developing AI systems capable of making long-term decisions across finance, operations, marketing and other business functions, with the goal of building an autonomous enterprise. - learn more
        • Interlagos Capital led Beyond Reach Labs’ $10M seed round, with participation from TerraForge Capital, Off-Piste Capital, Y Combinator and Augur VC. The startup will use the funding to scale production of its deployable solar-array hardware for satellites at a new 16,000-square-foot facility in Brooklyn, with plans to achieve flight qualification by the end of 2026. - learn more

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          LA’s New Defense Startup Comes Out Swinging

          🔦 Spotlight

          Happy Friday LA,

          A new defense startup just emerged from stealth with one of the week’s biggest funding rounds and a mission built for the realities of modern warfare.

          Los Angeles-based Singularity raised an oversubscribed $80M Series A at a $400M valuation to develop low-cost air defense systems at scale. Khosla Ventures and Felicis led the round, with participation from AE Ventures, NEA, Long Journey, Harpoon, Menlo Ventures, Y Combinator and others.

          The company is targeting an increasingly lopsided problem: inexpensive drones and munitions can be produced quickly and deployed in large numbers, while the systems used to intercept them are often costly and difficult to manufacture at comparable scale.

          Singularity’s answer is to borrow from the automotive industry. Its manufacturing team, which includes talent from Tesla and Toyota, is building an assembly line designed to rapidly produce interceptors, while developing the hardware and software in-house. The broader team also includes veterans of SpaceX, Anduril and Lockheed Martin, along with military operators who have deployed air defense systems in combat.

          The company is already conducting multiple flight tests each month. Now it has $80M to prove that air defense can be manufactured more like cars and less like traditional military hardware.

          Whatnot Wants AI to Find Your Next Obsession

          The thrill of Whatnot is not always finding what you came for. It is stumbling into a live show and discovering something you suddenly need to own.

          Now the Marina del Rey-based marketplace is investing in AI to make those moments happen more often.

          Whatnot acquired Shaped, a machine-learning startup that builds real-time recommendation and search systems. Financial terms were not disclosed.

          Shaped founder and CEO Tullie Murrell and nearly a dozen engineers and researchers will join Whatnot, where Murrell will create and lead a new applied AI research group focused initially on discovery and personalization.

          The acquisition comes as Whatnot’s marketplace becomes much larger and more complicated. The company launched more than 35 new categories last year and over 45 during the first half of 2026. Cross-category purchasing is also up 170% year over year, suggesting users are increasingly willing to venture beyond the products that first brought them to the platform.

          Unlike a traditional online store, Whatnot’s inventory shifts constantly as sellers start and end live shows. That makes recommending the right product or stream in real time a particularly difficult AI problem.

          Whatnot is betting Shaped can help solve it. Because the longer shoppers keep discovering new interests, sellers and communities, the less likely they are to close the app.

          More from this week’s LA startup and venture scene below.

          🤝 Venture Deals

            LA Companies

            • Senra Systems raised a $65M Series B co-led by Lowercarbon Capital and Interlagos, with participation from CIV and several other investors, bringing its total funding to more than $112M. The aerospace and defense manufacturer will use the capital to expand production of its software-enabled wire harnesses and open a third factory, following a recent expansion expected to increase monthly output from 1,000 harnesses to 10,000 by next year. - learn more
            • Intrinsic Power announced the first close of its seed round, with backing from Kyocera Ventures, Drive Catalyst, Boost VC and RPV Global; the company did not disclose the amount raised. The funding will support product development, engineering hires and customer deployments as Intrinsic commercializes its AI-powered platform for optimizing electricity use across commercial buildings, critical infrastructure and data centers. - learn more
            • Pasadena-based Linker Finance raised an additional $5M in seed funding, bringing its total seed financing to $8.7M. Existing investors Chingona Ventures, Ten One Ten Ventures, Audaz Capital and Angeles Investors returned for the round, alongside new strategic investor 22nd State Banking Company, with the funding earmarked for product development, agentic AI and expanded payment capabilities. - learn more
            • Corner Health raised $32.5M across seed and Series A financing, with its latest round led by Oak HC/FT and participation from First Round Capital and Zigg Capital. The company, which helps nurse practitioners launch independent primary care practices using an AI-powered operating platform, will use the funding to expand its team, improve its technology and enter additional states. - learn more
            • Cognify Health raised a multimillion-dollar seed round led by Game Changers Ventures, with participation from Westbound Equity and several individual investors. The company, which provides youth athletes with virtual concussion care within 24 hours, will use the funding to grow its team and enhance its platform and medical services. - learn more

            LA Venture Funds
            • Act One Ventures participated in logcat.ai’s $2.55M pre-seed round, which was led by Founders’ Co-op and included TheFounderVC, Shorewind Capital, Clayoquot Capital and Alumni Ventures. The startup is building an AI platform that helps engineering teams diagnose and fix complex software issues across Android and Linux-powered devices, including phones, vehicles and robots. - learn more
            • Plus Capital participated in Fora’s $60M Series D, which was led by Forerunner and Tactile Ventures and valued the travel platform at $1B. Fora will use the funding to expand its AI capabilities, enter new markets, grow into categories including cruises and flights, and continue hiring. - learn more
            • M13 led Rime’s $24M Series A, with participation from Corazon Capital, Unusual Ventures, Cadenza Ventures and Twilio Ventures. The AI startup will use the funding to develop faster, more natural voice models for enterprise applications, while M13 partner Morgan Blumberg will join its board. - learn more
            • Calibrate Ventures participated in Walden Robotics’ $300M seed round, co-led by Toyota and Deviation Capital, which valued the company at $1.1B. The robotics startup emerged from stealth with general-purpose robots designed to learn on the job and work alongside people in manufacturing and logistics environments. - learn more
            • Lasagna Ventures participated in Cyclops’ $20M Series A, which was led by Nava Ventures and also included Castle Island Ventures, Coinbase Ventures, Circle and Global PayTech Ventures. The stablecoin infrastructure company will use the funding to accelerate product development, expand its teams and global licensing, and grow its go-to-market operations. - learn more
            • MaC Venture Capital participated in Pure’s $8M seed financing, raised across multiple rounds led by Hidden Capital. The company will use the funding to expand its engineering and compliance teams and further develop its platform for verified, real-money peer-to-peer games. - learn more
            • Clocktower Technology Ventures participated in Feathery’s latest financing, which brought the company’s total funding to $30M, including its recently completed Series A. The AI platform, used by insurance and wealth-management firms to automate workflows and improve decision-making, plans to expand its products and grow its engineering and go-to-market teams. - learn more
            • Matter Venture Partners led TYLsemi’s oversubscribed $43M early-stage funding round, with participation from Viola Ventures, GHOVC, Egis Technology and other strategic investors. The semiconductor startup emerged from stealth with a full-stack chiplet platform designed to cut the time and cost of developing custom AI silicon by as much as 50%. - learn more
            • Lasagna participated in Pact Labs’ $7M Series A, which was anchored by a strategic investment from Tether and also included Blockchange Ventures. The company will use the funding to expand infrastructure that brings Tether’s U.S.-regulated USA₮ stablecoin to payroll, earned-wage access, credit and payment platforms. - learn more

            LA Exits

            • Communications startup TextPlus has agreed to be acquired by Truecaller for $15M in cash. TextPlus, which provides app-based phone numbers, messaging and internet calling to roughly 1.5M monthly active users, will help Truecaller expand its U.S. presence and add second-number and VoIP services to its platform. - learn more

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