For the first time ever, NASA has captured video of a rover landing on the surface of Mars, plus audio of the wind whistling past it after the landing.
The stars of the show are NASA's Perseverance rover and the hundreds of scientists and engineers supporting the mission to Mars at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other institutions around the world. But Amazon Web Services is playing a key role in making all those gigabytes of goodness available to the world.
<p>More than 23,000 images, amounting to 30 gigabytes of data, were gathered during the final minutes of Perseverance's journey to Jezero Crater on Mars, said Dave Gruel, camera suite lead for entry, descent and landing at JPL.<br/></p><p>A couple of cameras looked up from the spacecraft's back shell to document the deployment of the parachute. Another camera looked down from the "Sky Crane" descent stage to watch the rover's touchdown. Meanwhile, cameras on the rover looked up at the Sky Crane and looked down and out to survey the surrounding terrain.</p><p>All those perspectives were put together in a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4czjS9h4Fpg" target="_blank">three-minute video</a> that documented the milestones of the descent, from the time the parachute popped open to the rover's dusty touchdown. At the end, video from the rover shows the descent stage flying away to its safe disposal, powered by a <a href="https://www.geekwire.com/2021/pandemic-changing-protocol-nasas-mars-landing-can-watch/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">set of thrusters built by Aerojet Rocketdyne.</a></p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4czjS9h4Fpg?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 630px; height: 354px;" title="Perseverance Rover's Descent and Touchdown on Mars (Official NASA Video)"></iframe><p>"It gives me goosebumps every time I see it," Gruel said at today's news briefing, conducted under COVID-19 conditions at JPL in Pasadena, Calif. "I hope everybody kept their hands and arms inside the vehicle at all times while it was in motion."<br/></p><p>That's not all: A modified off-the-shelf microphone was hooked up to the rover, with the intention of recording the sounds of the air whistling past during the descent.</p><p>No sounds were recorded as the rover dropped, but once Perseverance had settled on its landing spot, the microphone captured the rumble of Martian wind gusts.</p><p>Gruel said the characteristics of the sounds suggest that the gusts were blowing at about 11 mph (5 meters per second).</p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qtNeZ0u3onw?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 630px; height: 354px;" title="Hear the Martian wind! Perseverance rover's first sounds captured"></iframe><p>As the mission proceeds, the microphone could capture the crunch of rocks beneath the rover's wheels as they roll, deputy project manager Matt Wallace said.</p><p>Both the video and the audio broke new ground for NASA: Although there's been descent imagery from past space odysseys, including the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKXw_3Pblh8" target="_blank">Apollo moon missions</a> and the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATrICg_26lM" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mars Curiosity rover mission</a>, this was the first time a video camera clearly captured the moment of touchdown on another planet.</p><p>As for the audio recordings, Soviet landers have previously <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3Ife6iBdsU" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">recorded sounds on the surface of Venus</a>, and NASA's Mars InSight lander<a href="https://soundcloud.com/nasa/sets/insight-lander-sounds-of-mars" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> has documented wind vibrations using an air pressure sensor</a>. But Perseverance is the first to pick up the sounds of Martian winds directly with a microphone.</p><p>Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator for space science, said this is "how it feels to make history."</p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wE-aQO9XD1g?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 630px; height: 354px;" title="NASA'S Perseverance Rover's First 360 View of Mars (Official)"></iframe><p>"The video of Perseverance's descent and landing, and the amazing panorama and the first wide landscape shot of Jezero Crater seen with human eyes, and the first Martian sounds are the closest you can get to landing on Mars without putting on a pressure suit," Zurbuchen said.</p><p>Releasing the raw images, video and the sounds should fire up the imagination — not only for future billion-dollar space missions, but for creative crowdsourcing here on Earth.</p><p>"Please go take a look at these data and play with them, especially those of you … that have signed up for our educational campaign," Zurbuchen said. "What can you find in these pictures? And who's going to compose the first piece of music with actual Mars sound?"</p><p>During the first couple of days of the mission, there was a fair amount of grumbling about the paucity of pictures released by the Perseverance team. But the situation changed dramatically today: The tally of <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">raw images in NASA's Perseverance gallery</a> jumped from less than 200 to close to 5,000 over the course of just a few hours.</p><p>Amazon Web Services said NASA is using its cloud computing platform to process image data from Mars, and to power NASA's <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mars mission website</a>. "The website will be able to scale up to meet demand at any given time, with millions of visitors expected at peak times," AWS said.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image">
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://dot.la/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTY3NDE4Mi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY3Mjg0NTUzMH0.GXY2by96LONnKSVjqyROrFS7fUP_J0PhPvSll3hmMzU/image.jpg?width=980" id="ba310" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="49347016e3089d2f4095aff8c66933b8" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="630" data-height="473" />
<small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">The navigation cameras on NASA's Perseverance rover captured this view of the rover's deck on Feb. 20. This view provides a good look at the PIXL instrument on the rover's stowed robotic arm.</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit..."> (NASA / JPL-Caltech)</small></p><p>The plutonium-powered Perseverance probe is only four days into a mission that's expected to last at least two Earth years, and most likely much longer. The $2.7 billion mission's primary goal is to identify and store up samples that could hold evidence of past life on Mars. NASA plans to bring such samples back to Earth in about a decade for detailed lab study.<br/></p><p>Leaders of Perseverance's science team say they're already seeing intriguing geological features to dig into, including an assortment of "holey" rocks that could be volcanic in origin.</p><p>"If they are volcanic rocks, that is enormously important to us, because it potentially provides an opportunity to get a really nice radiometric age, or an absolute date, if a sample like that comes back to Earth," deputy project scientist Ken Williford said.</p><p><em>This <a href="https://www.geekwire.com/2021/nasa-releases-jaw-dropping-video-audio-mars-assist-aws/" target="_blank">article first appeared on GeekWire</a>.</em></p>
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SpaceX will launch its twenty-first resupply mission to the International Space Station Saturday and set a couple of new records - if weather allows.
First, this mission will mark the first time NASA has allowed a booster to be reused more than three times. It will also mark the first time SpaceX has two Dragon vehicles on the Space Station. The Dragon from an earlier mission, which brought four U.S. astronauts to the station last month, is still docked there, and will be for another five months.
This mission, dubbed CRS-21, will bring food, equipment, supplies and a new set of experiments to the station. It's set to launch from Florida's Kennedy Space Center at 8:39 a.m. PST.
The weather forecast calls for a cold front that has a 50% chance of scuttling the launch, but — should it take place — you watch it below:
From Your Site Articles
3D Printing Could Be a Game-Changer For Space Exploration, so Why is NASA Reluctant to Use it?
Nov 18 2020
When Perseverance arrives on Mars early next year, it will be the first landfall for a rover carrying 3D-printed metal parts and a small victory for proponents of the technique in the high-cost, high-risk world of the U.S. aerospace program.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, nestled in the foothills of La Cañada Flintridge, has seen a slow cultural shift over the last decade toward the adoption of 3D printing techniques, more formally known as "additive manufacturing," in spacecraft design. The technology uses lasers to melt metal powder that is layered to precise computer modeling, until that metal takes the shape of whatever engineers need.
For years, 3D printing has been relegated to the realm of nerdy hobbyists, but its adoption by startups and big business has helped push NASA leaders toward accepting more innovation despite the risks. These days, 3D printing has been used on airplane engines, houses, hearing aids, chocolates, Tesla car components and even a pair of Adidas shoes.
"I have seen a 3D printed burrito, and it didn't look as delicious as Chipotle," said Scott Roberts, a JPL materials technologist, with a laugh.
<p>
The evolution has been decades-long, and partly propelled by the private sector push of aerospace companies like SpaceX, Relativity Space, Blue Origin, Maxar Technologies and Lockheed Martin.
</p><p>
While no panacea, some of the benefits of 3D printing come from its ability to save time in the otherwise time-consuming machining process and to engineer bespoke components that cut down on mass and simplify parts. All are crucial, as aerospace missions are often timed to planetary alignment and can cost millions more dollars per kilogram.
</p><p>
The goal is to use additive manufacturing to enhance performance, solve problems and make parts "you just can't make any other way," Roberts said. "If your schedule is slipping and all of a sudden you have to wait two years, the monetary cost is enormous."
</p><p>
JPL technologists are still working on understanding its uses and how to improve it. But there remains a culture and learning gap that's prevented its widespread adoption. The largest barrier, however, is the worry by old timers: Why risk screwing up a historic mission and ruining future opportunities by replacing tried-and-true manufacturing techniques?
</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-youtube">
<span style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="484cdb6838d79ca9b903b850b2b55fd2"><iframe type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BecJIWoXh5U?rel=0" width="100%" height="auto" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe></span>
<small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">NASA's 3D Printing Technique</small>
<small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BecJIWoXh5U&feature=youtu.be" target="_blank">www.youtube.com</a>
</small>
</p><h2>The Nuts And Bolts of Printing Rover Parts</h2><p>
Amid planning for the Mars rover mission, Andrew Shapiro, who manages technology formulation at JPL, said he was interested in which parts made sense to manufacture additively and which didn't.
</p><p>
When Shapiro checked out work on <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/instruments/moxie/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">MOXIE</a>, which is <a href="https://dot.la/moxie-mars-2020-rover-2645069343.html" target="_self">testing a technology to produce oxygen on the Red Planet</a> carried by the rover, engineers told him they had a problem sealing its crucial heat exchanger, a complex system with lots of very fine channels.
</p><p>
"It was very expensive to machine, they were going to blow their budgets and schedules, and it was going to take months," Shapiro said. "My office has advanced technology experiments, so I said, 'I'll fabricate one using additive for you, see if it works. If you like it, use it.'"
</p><p>
The part was far less expensive to print than it would have been to create through traditional manufacturing methods — and it solved the MOXIE engineers' problems.
</p><p>
The Perseverance rover, which lands on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021, carries 11 metal parts that were 3D printed. Five of those are on its <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8759/nasas-new-mars-rover-will-use-x-rays-to-hunt-fossils/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">PIXL instrument</a>, which is about the size of a lunchbox and will be used to help the rover search for signs of fossilized microbial life by shooting out X-ray beams.
</p><p>
The instrument was designed with a two-piece titanium shell that has to be extremely thin, which made traditional machining methods very challenging, time consuming and therefore costly. Using metal 3D printing, JPL outsourced the work to Carpenter Additive, in Camarillo, Calif., which created components that were several times lighter than they would have otherwise been able to achieve.
</p><p>
The MOXIE heat exchanger, however, was 3D printed in-house at Caltech, which manages JPL. Rather than welding together two separate parts, JPL's engineers 3D printed it in one single piece.
</p><p>
Andre Pate, the group lead for additive manufacturing at JPL, called the use of 3D metal printing on the rover "a big win for us at JPL."
</p><p>
"We are trying to convince our own people here who are more conservative and less willing to take on risk -- rightfully so," Pate said. "We're trying to prove that, that there isn't as much risk or that there's ways to mitigate that risk."
</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image">
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://dot.la/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDc4NjAyNS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMjU3NTYyOH0.RYUk3tzLFeg34jKItg6S6XPqeMO7DFw-XyLj2NXQJFM/image.jpg?width=980" id="47db8" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="2f1fa16823484efda03776d5e60901d4" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="1280" data-height="720" />
<small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">This X-ray image shows the interior of a palm-size 3D-printed heat exchanger inside Perseverance's Mars Oxygen In-situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE)</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">NASA/JPL-Caltech</small>
</p><h2>The Private Sector Forges Ahead</h2><p>
In the meantime, a broader ecosystem of startups is pushing ahead with incorporating additive techniques.
</p><p>
SpaceX is hiring for multiple roles, including a materials engineer and a manufacturing technician, who can "support 3D printing technology for production of components used on both the Falcon 9 rocket and the Dragon spacecraft." Its rocket resupply, which recently <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/spacex-dragon-heads-to-space-station-with-nasa-science-cargo-1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">traveled to the International Space Station</a>, had 3D printed parts, Shapiro said.
</p><p>
Canoo, the electric vehicle company, is also hiring an additive manufacturing lead as it prepares for its first vehicle launch. And of course, Relativity Space is 3D printing rockets with the ultimate goal of doing so on Mars.
</p><p>
"JPL is very slow moving in this way," Shapiro said. "Places like SpaceX or Maxar, they 3D print dozens of parts. [These] other companies have been quicker to adopt the technology. Interestingly enough, I think we know more about the technology than they do because SpaceX isn't willing to pay a lot of universities to develop models and that kind of thing."
</p><p>
Plus, Shapiro added, "they all want to keep their stuff secret and don't want to share it with the rest of the world. But the rest of the world passes them by when they do that."
</p><p>
Regardless, as more of its subcontractors and other aerospace companies use 3D manufacturing techniques, JPL has been pushed to gain a better understanding, and it has shared that expertise with the companies even if lab leadership is less willing to incorporate it themselves, Shapiro said.
</p><p>
"JPL will actually adopt things more easily from the outside than the inside," Shapiro said. "So it's easier for me to go buy a part from a subcontractor using additive than it is for me to say 'we should design this using additive'."
</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image">
<a href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDc4NTk5OS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1NjE5MjAyM30.AlUy1wykZ2nRuxnGGXMVX7pP_6pnvdG4x6zBFvWNQLY/img.jpg?width=980" target="_blank"><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDc4NTk5OS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1NjE5MjAyM30.AlUy1wykZ2nRuxnGGXMVX7pP_6pnvdG4x6zBFvWNQLY/img.jpg?width=980" id="5876d" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="03be5a984dedc5e3de19fa498caf456a" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" /></a>
<small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">Relativity Space hopes to make Mars-bound rocketships with 3D printing.</small>
<small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="add photo credit...">
<a href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDc4NTk5OS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1NjE5MjAyM30.AlUy1wykZ2nRuxnGGXMVX7pP_6pnvdG4x6zBFvWNQLY/img.jpg?width=980" target="_blank">assets.rebelmouse.io</a>
</small>
</p><p>
Part of the reason is that NASA management is still reluctant to adopt new untested technologies for building parts that have otherwise been effectively created using longstanding conventional manufacturing processes.
</p><p>
"So when someone says 'would you...risk a billion dollar mission on it'? You have to argue, it isn't really that risky," Roberts said.
</p><p>
Several years ago, JPL vendor Lockheed Martin built the spacecraft Juno to collect data and take photos of Jupiter. Lockheed slipped in a couple additive parts into that spacecraft, Shapiro said.
</p><p>
"They didn't tell us until after it had launched," Shapiro said, noting that "our vendors are willing to go a little further than we are."
</p><p>
It became the first planetary spacecraft to make use of 3D printed parts, <a href="https://www.engineering.com/3DPrinting/3DPrintingArticles/ArticleID/12572/Junos-3D-Printed-Parts-Survive-Trip-to-Jupiter.aspx" target="_blank">specifically titanium metal brackets</a>.
</p><h2>A Slow Start</h2><p>
The first time Andrew Shapiro — now a JPL thought leader in additive manufacturing — was approached by a colleague about using 3D printing for metal parts was around 11 years ago, when he was the chief technologist of the engineering enterprise division. Shapiro was aware of the tech, but it was not taken seriously for space flight.
</p><p>
"I told him to go away," Shapiro said. "I said, 'Naw, I don't think this will ever work.'"
</p><p>
Shapiro said he gave in to his colleague's persistence and traveled to a spin-off company of nearby Sandia Labs in Albuquerque, New Mexico to take a look. Soon, JPL was studying how to create a gradient of metal from, say, steel on one end of a part to titanium on the other, enabling the steel ends of two separate parts to be bolted together more effectively if need be.
</p><p>
"It turns out this is not easy to do. It took us about 10 years to figure it out," Shapiro said. "That's because that transition between the two metals can create brittle structures that break or fracture."
</p><p>
JPL ended up sponsoring a slew of studies at universities, with Shapiro urging professors to look into how additive manufacturing works. At the time, Shapiro said, JPL realized nobody understood the process. JPL worked with the universities to set standards so that results were comparable and compatible. Today, every major university with an engineering program in the country has a significant program modeling additive processes.
</p><p>
Adopting and proving out the technology also required computer power to improve to study variables like air vortices created by a laser hitting metal powder and massive temperature gradients that go from a couple thousand degrees to room temperature in a tiny area, Shapiro said.
</p><p>
"I don't think the culture is there yet," Shapiro said. "It's being selectively adopted still [but] we haven't turned our whole design force into using additive."
</p><p>
Roberts said that sometimes it's a matter of an engineer saying " 'Oh man, we need this part,' and to make it traditionally is going to take two years" and that's when additive manufacturing, which can instead make the part in six months, gets its chance.
</p><h2>Known Unknowns</h2><p>
Another problem is there aren't great classes out there for teaching 3D printing at JPL's level.
</p><p>
And, the reality is that some people are intuitively very good, while other engineers just don't think that way, Shapiro said. "Designing parts of a spacecraft really shouldn't be just left to intuition," he said.
</p><p>
Shapiro said he believes the future of 3D printing includes integrating functions — much like today's phone is a combination of telephone, calendar, calculator and notepads. One example of this might be printing the antenna on a spacecraft directly as part of its structure. But no one knows how to design for this yet, Shapiro said, there's no guidebook or design rules. That's why he is working with colleagues to put together a course and some guidelines.
</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-html5_video">
<video controls id="5a5f7" width="100%" caption="A 3D printer head scans over each layer of a part, blowing metal powder that is melted by a laser. -" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="0a3a1f8fee03af86a56e86b6cc4d0d64" expand="1" feedbacks="true" mime_type="video/mp4" photo_credit="s3.amazonaws.com" photo_credit_src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/roar-assets-auto.rbl.ms/runner%2F20704-5973_C1-PIA23972_-_3D_printing_video_final-%25281%2529.mp4" shortcode_id="1605655065385" url="https://roar-assets-auto.rbl.ms/runner%2F20704-5973_C1-PIA23972_-_3D_printing_video_final-%25281%2529.mp4" videoControls="true"> <source src="https://roar-assets-auto.rbl.ms/runner%2F20704-5973_C1-PIA23972_-_3D_printing_video_final-%25281%2529.mp4" type="video/mp4"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
<small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption..."> A 3D printer head scans over each layer of a part, blowing metal powder that is melted by a laser. - NASA/JPL-Caltech</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="add photo credit...">
<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/roar-assets-auto.rbl.ms/runner%2F20704-5973_C1-PIA23972_-_3D_printing_video_final-%25281%2529.mp4" target="_blank">s3.amazonaws.com</a>
</small>
</p><p>
"It's quite complex, and it's probably going to take me another 10 years to come up with it," Shapiro said. "We've just scratched the surface in terms of what the capabilities are."
</p><p>
For now, Shapiro believes JPL will continue to put more 3D-printed pieces into spacecraft, but doing larger prints like an entire space craft requires a major shift in culture and engineering understanding.
</p><p>
"It's difficult to answer when will people change their minds," Shapiro said. "JPL management tends to reflect NASA management, and NASA management is extremely risk averse, because they don't want to spend billions of dollars on a spacecraft, have it fail, and have a congressional hearing on why their multi-billion dollar spacecraft failed."
</p><p>
Even though many in JPL management would like things to progress faster, there are concerns that proposals that include 3D printing won't get the necessary buy-in, and could potentially put JPL's competitive edge at risk for NASA projects.
</p><p>
Still, Roberts is optimistic:
</p><p>
"We didn't have the computational power to do it until 10 to 15 years ago," he said. but with that power, "it's going to change the way we design things in the future."
</p><p>
<em>__</em>
</p><p><em>Are you using 3D printing in new ways? My DMs are open on Twitter </em><a href="https://twitter.com/latams" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em>@latams</em></a><em>. You can also email at</em><em> tami[at]dot.la</em><em></em><em>, or ask for my Signal.</em></p>
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